A category is actually a document structure that may include study participants (constants and you can areas), form professionals (measures, services, events, indexers, operators, such as for instance constructors, finalizers, and you will static constructors), and nested systems.
fourteen.dos.1 General
A course_declaration include an optional group of qualities (§21), followed closely by an elective set of group_modifiers (§fourteen.dos.2), with a recommended partial modifier (§fourteen.2.7), accompanied by new search term category and you will an enthusiastic identifier that names the fresh new class, followed closely by a recommended form of_parameter_list (§14.2.3), with an elective class_base specification (§fourteen.2.4), with an elective gang of sort of_parameter_constraints_clauses (§fourteen.dos.5), accompanied by a category_human body (§14.dos.6), optionally https://datingranking.net/pl/older-women-dating-recenzja/ with a good semicolon.
A category eter_number was a simple group declaration. As well, one classification nested inside a simple classification declaration or an universal struct report is alone an universal group report, since style of objections toward with which has type should be given to manage a constructed particular.
14.2.dos.1 General
This new modifier is actually permitted towards nested classes. They determine the classification hides a hereditary user by same term, given that revealed inside the §fourteen.step 3.5. It is a collect-day error into the new modifier to seem into a class statement that is not a beneficial nested classification declaration.
People , protected , internal , and personal modifiers manage this new entry to of your own category. With regards to the framework where in fact the classification statement happen, any of these modifiers may possibly not be permitted (§seven.5.2).
Whenever a limited types of report (§14.dos.7) is sold with an accessibility specification (via the public , secure , internal , and personal modifiers), you to definitely specification should trust any parts that come with an enthusiastic use of requirements. If zero element of a partial method of includes an accessibility specification, the type is provided the proper standard the means to access (§7.5.2).
fourteen.dos.dos.2 Abstract groups
This new abstract modifier is utilized to suggest you to definitely a class is unfinished and this will probably be used merely since the a base category. An abstract classification differs from a low-abstract class in the following implies:
- An abstract class can not be instantiated individually, and is also a collect-go out error to utilize brand new operator on the a conceptual classification. Even though it is possible having variables and you may values whoever harvest-go out systems is actually conceptual, particularly details and you can beliefs will always either be null otherwise have records to help you cases of low-conceptual kinds produced by the fresh abstract products.
- A conceptual classification is allowed (however called for) in order to have abstract users.
- An abstract category can not be sealed.
When a non-conceptual category hails from a conceptual group, the brand new low-abstract group will include real implementations of all the passed on conceptual people, and thus overriding those individuals abstract players.
the fresh new conceptual class A great brings up a conceptual means F . Group B brings up a supplementary approach Grams , however, as it does not bring an implementation of F , B will additionally be announced conceptual. Category C overrides F while offering a genuine execution. Since there are no conceptual players in the C , C was allowed (yet not required) to be non-conceptual. avoid example
If an individual or even more parts of a limited particular declaration (§14.2.7) out of a class include the conceptual modifier, the category are conceptual. Or even, the category is non-abstract.
14.dos.dos.3 Shut kinds
The closed modifier is utilized to stop derivation regarding a class. A secure-time mistake happens if a shut classification was given as the base category of some other category.
Note: The fresh new close modifier is primarily always avoid unintended derivation, but it also enables specific focus on-go out optimizations. In particular, since the a sealed group could have-not any derived kinds, you’ll be able to changes virtual means affiliate invocations to your close class era to your low-virtual invocations. prevent notice